The Knife Of A Murderess - 987 Words

The Knife of a Murderess Throughout history, many Shakespearean scholars and enthusiasts have examined the relationship between Macbeth and his wife, Lady Macbeth. One objective purpose for closely examining their relationship is to determine who was acting as the greater evil of the pair or to determine if one could have acted without their partner in crime. Although many people view Lady Macbeth as the devoted wife who merely wished to help her husband gain control of the throne, it is Lady Macbeth who successfully manipulates her husband into committing murder by preying upon his ambitious flaw. The cruelty of Macbeth and his wife can be observed in multiple scenes throughout the play; however, there are two soliloquies which require a closer reading. Based on a closer reading of two separate soliloquies, one performed by each character, it can be seen that Lady Macbeth proves to be far from just an initiator in King Duncan’s murder. It is Lady Macbeth who proves to be crue ler and more villainous than her husband, and it is Lady Macbeth who manipulates her husband thus turning him into the monstrous killer he becomes. In two separate soliloquies performed by Macbeth and his wife, the word â€Å"knife† appears. During Lady Macbeth’s soliloquy in 1.5.36-52, she is describing her intentions for the murdering of King Duncan with a knife. Throughout her soliloquy, Lady Macbeth is asking the evil spirits to fill her with cruelty and strip her of her feminism in order to fulfillShow MoreRelatedShort Story1734 Words   |  7 Pageshim down. But he remembers. The lady with the green eyes and blood red lips had walked down a slum hallway to order him an assignment. He was in his boxers and had half a hangover to recover. And she had a knife at his throat. Those two piercing items made him freeze. He could have taken the knife and stab her in â€Å"defense,† but eyes with that type of fire can make a man like Bronson think about his decisions. Bronson gets out the leathered case on the table. He makes sure he doesn’t hit the cup ofRead MoreBurial Rites By Hannah Kent1251 Words   |  6 Pagesand overall enjoyed by all with only some criticisms. When people first heard what Hannah Kent was writing about they were quite sceptical of the topic. This was because young Australian authors were expected to write about Australia, not about a murderess in some far away country. This view quickly changed when the book was published. Many people praise her for embracing a non-Australian subject. Book reviewer, Catherine Taylor states, â€Å"†¦its gut-churning fear, holds an exhilaration that bordersRead MoreThe Musical Theatre And Film1607 Words   |  7 Pagesand trials, Chicago follows Roxie Hart, a wannabe vaudevillian star who murders her lover and is arrested, despite her attempts to convince her pushover husband, Amos, to lie for her. In the Cook County Jail, Roxie meets her hero, the famed double-murderess and nightclub performer Velma Kelly. When both acquire the same lawyer, the greedy and lustful superstar, Billy Flynn, tensions come to a head as they vie for the spotlight-- though instead of onstage, they’re mugging for the flashbulb of the newspaper

Why is it Important to Create an Inclusive Learning...

Creating an inclusive learning environment is an extremely important aspect of modern education, which, according to Gravells (2008: p18), ensures that â€Å"[†¦] all learners are entitled to be treated with respect and dignity. Everyone is an individual, with different experiences, abilities and needs.† She also offers a brief explanation of inclusivity (2008: p18), which is â€Å"[†¦] involving all learners in relevant activities rather than excluding them for any reason directly or indirectly.† Inclusion has also been defined by John Tomlinson (1996: p26) as â€Å"the greatest degree of match or fit between individual learning requirements and provision†. In the other words, inclusive learning environment nurtures individual potential of all learners,†¦show more content†¦The main objective of differentiation is to promote inclusive learning environment, by identifying and addressing the individual needs of all learners and working towards r emoving any barriers they may have. The most effective method of differentiating is to ensure that resources and assessment methods, as well as teaching and learning approaches meet individual learner needs. According to Francis and Gould (2013) setting a single objective for a whole group will not be appropriate for all learners, due to the diversity of the group, therefore, as Gravells (2008) suggests we must identify the learning needs, styles, aspirations and potential of our learners. At this very stage, any barriers and boundaries should be identified, so the teaching and learning approaches, assessment methods and resources can be planned accordingly. When setting up an inclusive learning environment we need to focus on individual differences. Francis and Gould (2013: p65) explain, that â€Å"it is important to recognise the differences in the learners we teach, as these influence how we interact with them.† Francis and Gould (2013) list few typical differences, like age, physical disability, mental health issues, ethnicity, etc. Our first step to identify the individual learning style of the learners’ (ergo to identify their needs), is performing ‘VAK’ (visual, aural, kinaesthetic) assessment. Francis and Gould (2013) describe it as a model ofShow MoreRelatedUnderstanding And Using Inclusive Teaching And Learning Approaches1673 Words   |  7 PagesUnderstanding and using inclusive teaching and learning approaches in education and training Task Ai – Briefing Document a) The key features of inclusive teaching and learning. Inclusive teaching means recognizing, meeting and adapting to the learning needs of all students, regardless of their age, gender, ethnicity, religion, disability or sexual orientation. This starts with acknowledging that students are members of diverse communities, have different individual learning needs and unequal opportunityRead MoreDeveloping A Successful Classroom Inclusive Environment Is The Quality Of Teaching926 Words   |  4 PagesAnother factor that incorporates in having a successful classroom inclusive environment is the quality of teaching. Alton-Lee (2003) argues that quality teaching has been identified as an important practice of positive outcomes for diverse students. Forlin (2012) discusses, but with more details than in Alton-Lee (2003) saying that quality teaching for students with diverse abilities has got various characteristics. For example, it has to focus on student’s achievement, to make clear links betweenRead MoreFeatures Of Inclusive Teaching And Learning1112 Words   |  5 Pagesfeatures of inclusive teaching and learning. Teachers need to be careful when teaching students of different cultural backgrounds and make all students feel included. Teachers should give out different hand-outs to suit different learning styles (VARK). Putting students into small groups so that each student has the opportunity to express his or her opinions and be able to learn from other students. All learning styles should be taken into account so that the students are learning and engagedRead MoreStudent s Social Background And Their Connections Within Society1531 Words   |  7 Pagesand skills (2013,p166). Social insights into learner’s backgrounds can expose how and why student’s act and think in a particular way. Developmentally the sociology of education has provided numerous theories, the functionalist perspective, the conflict perspective, Forms of Capital and the Virtual Backpack Theory, which contributes to and underpin the skills teachers can employ into their learning environments and practice. Th eorist Matthews believes that effective pedagogy occurs only when oneRead MoreHow Can Teachers Have Inclusive Language988 Words   |  4 PagesHow can teachers have inclusive language in the classroom? The Department of Education defines inclusive language as, â€Å" language that is free from words, phrases or tones that reflect prejudiced, stereotyped or discriminatory views of particular people or groups. It is also language that doesn t deliberately or inadvertently exclude people from being seen as part of a group.†Inclusive language in the classroom must consist of accepting terminology for all situations including students with specialRead MorePersonal Statement : My Personal Philosophy Of Education1193 Words   |  5 PagesMy philosophy of education is that every child should receive high quality education that is inclusive, relevant and meaningful to their life. I am a firm believer of making pedagogy relatable to my students. My vision is driven by my personal experiences with the American school system. I was what is thought of as â€Å"A child at risk†. I am an immigrant, black, Muslim student. My life is complex as I am a part of multiple marginalized gr oups. Most of my teachers looked at me in a pity way. They alwaysRead MorePtlls L 4 Unit 009 Essay1347 Words   |  6 PagesJames Pitman Level 4 PTLLS Unit 009 Oct/Nov 2012 Analyse learning and teaching strategies used in own specialism Strategy | Strengths | Weaknesses | Group discussion | A good way of exploring a topic in depthUseful to assess a learners knowledge and understanding of the topicAll learners can be encouraged to be involvedDiverse characteristics and backgrounds of learners will ensure a well rounded view | Some learners may not feel confident contributing – good ice-breaker required OtherRead MoreChildren And Disabled Students With Disabilities950 Words   |  4 Pageswith disabilities feel? Have you question why students with disabilities are excluded from classrooms. Not everyone is passionate about bringing students with disabilities into a normal classroom environment. Let s begin with defining the terms students with disabilities. Students with disabilities mean children or students who require special education because of: autism; communication disorders; emotional disturbances; hearing impairments, specific learning disabilities; traumatic brain injuries;Read MoreSchools In The Present-Day Society Are Constantly Shi fting1294 Words   |  6 Pagescorrectly is important for the teaching staff, parents and school administrators to learn the proper translation of what inclusion means. Inclusion in classrooms means that a student with a learning disability or special needs spends most if not all their instruction time in a general classroom rather than an individualized classroom. Even though the special education student isn t in their normal self-contained classroom, they will still get proper interventions when needed. Inclusive classroomsRead MoreIt s Important For Educator For Foster Diversity Education And Create Inclusive Classroom1139 Words   |  5 Pages 2015 It’s important for educator to foster diversity education and create inclusive classroom that honor the multiplicity of identities and knowledge different students bring into classroom. Students and faculty in schools today are becoming increasingly diverse in their backgrounds and experiences, reflecting the diversity observed in our broader society. The center for teaching is committed to supporting diversity mostly as it meets with the wide range of teaching and learning. There are no

Cryptography in Network Security-Free-Samples-Myassignmenthelp

Question: Discuss about the Role of Cryptography in Network Security Principles and Practice. Answer: Overview of the interested area The area that has been chosen for literature search and review is Cryptography. It has been chosen as the area of research as in this modern world of electronic communication, the security of data is a major concern. Hence, Cryptography plays an important role in ensuring that data is protected and unauthorized access is restricted. This area is rising to be the emerging trend in network security as it will allow the people to be confident upon the electronic world. The interest in this area of research is growing rapidly as Cryptography is related to security of networks and data. Importance of chosen research papers The six papers that have been chosen for this literature research are being presented in the below section along with details of the work reflected in each paper. The papers been chosen for this study are of utmost importance as those illustrates on the concept of cryptography and the role being played by it for the security of data as well as networks. The discussions based on various cryptographic techniques have also been reflected in the research papers to demonstrate the suitable techniques that can be or are being used in real world applications. Hence, the six papers that have been chosen are critical for this literature research on cryptography. Brief overview of work presented in each paper Paper 1 Kumar, S.N., 2015. Review on Network Security and Cryptography. International Transaction of Electrical and Computer Engineers System, 3(1), pp.1-11. In this paper, the author has made an attempt to review the concept of cryptography and network security. There is large amount of data being produced daily in organizations with the increasing usage of Internet, e-commerce applications as well as social networks. The most critical issue that is rising in context to data is security to ensure that information is transmitted safely. The issues of network security is also arising as one of the important aspect in this age of digital information. Hence, in this paper Kumar (2015), has discussed about the various cryptographic algorithms being used in network applications. Paper 2 Joshi, M.R. and Karkade, R.A., 2015. Network security with cryptography. International Journal of Computer Science and Mobile Computing IJCSMCVol, 4, pp.201-204. In this paper, the authors Joshi and Karkade (2015), have presented network security and cryptography as the concept of protecting the network along with transmission of data being carried out over wireless networks. In an unreliable network, the major concern while data transmission is security of the data or information. The security of a network comprises of authorization so that data can be accessed in a network which is under the control of network administrator. The work that has been presented in this paper comprises of the importance of cryptography, principles of cryptography and the various types of cryptographic systems. Paper 3 Babita, E. and Kaur, E.G., 2017. A Review: Network Security Based On Cryptography Steganography Techniques.International Journal,8(4). In this modern age of technology, digital communication is emerging as important medium for ensuring security of information being transmitted in between the sender and receiver. Hence, security is an essential aspect while exchanging of information to ensure that the information is secure from intruders or attackers. In this paper, the authors Babita and Kaur (2017), have illustrated on the hierarchy of techniques being used for network security. Further, the authors have discussed on Cryptography and Steganography as security mechanisms being used popularly. Cryptography is used for encryptions and decryption of data for secure transmission while Steganography is used to hide data within other cover media. Paper 4 Acharya, K., Sajwan, M. and Bhargava, S., 2014. Analysis of Cryptographic Algorithms for Network Security.International Journal of Computer Applications Technology and Research,3(2), pp.130-135. The major role being played by cryptography is securing of data while transmission of data or information over network. The function of this technique is to ensure that contents of a message or information are being transmitted confidentially and are not altered. Cryptography is also an essential aspect in context to challenges associated with IT security as it comprises of privacy, confidentiality as well as identity which in turn offers platform for trusted e-commerce along with secure communication. In this paper, the authors Acharya, Sajwan and Bhargava (2014), have analyzed some well-known algorithms related to cryptography and demonstrated the differences between existing techniques for encryption. Paper 5 Kapoor, V. and Yadav, R., 2016. A Hybrid Cryptography Technique for Improving Network Security.International Journal of Computer Applications (09758887) Volume. The primary concern of network providers along with service providers is data and security of the network. Hence, cryptographic techniques are being used for ensuring security of data at the time of data transmission for various communication purposes. The traditional cryptographic techniques are unable to provide the required level of security as the attackers now a days are aware of the techniques and knows about the solution. Therefore, there is a need for new type of cryptographic technique so as to improve the security as well as complexity of data cipher. In this paper, Kapoor and Yadav (2016), have presented a hybrid cryptographic technique to improve security of data while transmitting over network. The cryptographic technique that has been proposed in this paper, promises to offer highly secure technique for cipher generation with the help of RSA, DES as well as SHA1 technique. Paper 6 Anandakumar, S., 2015. Image Cryptography Using RSA Algorithm in Network Security.International Journal of Computer Science Engineering Technology,5(9). In this modern world of digital communication, it is crucial that there is application of proper encryption and decryption while data is being transmitted from one place to other through Internet for preventing unauthorized access. In this paper, Anandakumar (2015), have illustrated on Image Cryptography which is considered as a special type of technique for encryption so that data can be hidden in an image to encrypt or decrypt original message on the basis of some key value. In this type of cryptography, RSA algorithm is being used for encrypting image files so that security is enhanced in the area of communication for transmitting data. Significant Paper Critique Introduction The significant paper that has been chosen from the six research papers for this study is Analysis of Cryptographic Algorithms for Network Security, as this paper significantly discusses on the role being played by Cryptography and the various algorithms that are used for network security. The function of Cryptography is to ensure that contents of a message or information are being transmitted confidentially and are not altered. In this paper, the authors Acharya, Sajwan and Bhargava (2014), have analyzed some well-known algorithms related to cryptography and demonstrated the differences between existing techniques for encryption. The paper have been chosen to critically evaluate the significance of the work being presented by the authors along with how it contributes to knowledge in the particular area. Further, discussions are carried out on the practical application of work being presented along with evaluating presentation of the paper and providing recommendations for making imp rovements in the work. Significance of the research This research shows that the major role being played by cryptography is securing of data while transmission of data or information over network. The authors of this paper have illustrated that the mechanism based on cryptography are the building blocks for computer security. Cryptography can be associated wherever in the TCP/IP stack, be that as it may not be typical at physical layer. Cryptography is in like manner used as a piece of tangled traditions that help to fulfill unmistakable security organizations, in this way called security traditions. The standard feature of implementing the program for encryption and decryption is generation of encryption key. Presently every day, cryptography has numerous business applications. In the event that classified data has been secured then cryptography gives abnormal state of isolation for individuals and gatherings. In any case, the key reason for the cryptography can be utilized not simply to offer classification, but rather additionally to offer responses for various issues like learning quality, approval and non-renouncement. Cryptography is the strategies that enable data to be sent in a shielded from such that the main genuine radio ready to get to that data. The specialists Acharya, Sajwan and Bhargava (2014), have effectively demonstrated that Cryptography not simply shields learning from burglary or change, but rather may likewise be utilized for buyer validation. It is required to utilize powerful techniques for encryption and unscrambling to help learning security. Cryptography gives a few wellbeing destinations to guarantee the isolation of learning, non-modification of information a nd so forth. System security includes the approval of utilization of information in a framework, which can be overseen by the framework overseer. The underlying secured learning is known as plain content. It is secured in to figure content, that will therefore be unscrambled in to workable plain content. Cryptographic estimations are arranged on the establishment of the measure of essential which can be utilized for encryption and decoding. Contribution to knowledge The paper has contributed significantly towards gaining the knowledge and Cryptography and its importance in network security. The authors of the paper have clearly mentioned the various roles being played by cryptography along with different existing cryptographic algorithms. The authors have stated that encryption is not just a gadget for spies and developers, it can be a noteworthy asset in the business world. The authors have also presented a suitable example that whenever valuable information related to business processes or transactions is transmitted through mail or other medium with the help of Internet, then there is a need to use encryption. They also illustrated that there are various other critical applications for encryption that are more unremarkable than trade insider certainties, as budgetary data, helpful or true blue information and so on. From this research paper, knowledge has also been gained that the simple component of encryption is utilizing a scientific capac ity to the plaintext and changing it to an ensured figure. The harder part is to ensure that the people who are probably going to decipher that idea may accomplish this easily, however simply those approved can translate it. The authenticity of the scientific capacity persuading utilized should be built up to ensure that it is adequately muddled and scientifically solid to give a high measure of security. The journalists clarified that cryptographic equations are classified on the premise of the amount of keys which are utilized for encryption as well as decryption. From the review on this paper, it has been determined that before implementation of an encryption algorithm, there is a need to comprehend the hypothesis behind the security i.e. to secured data displayed inside a data or document and to guarantee that the data is incoherent to others. The fundamental sort of the security frame could be the symmetric basic encryption. More, the specialists have demonstrated that in the symmetric basic security both for the security and decoding technique precisely the same is utilized. In this manner the mystery of the key is saved and it is kept private. It works with substantial speed. The symmetric basic security requires place in two approaches both since the block ciphers or supply ciphers. Among the key advantages of utilizing the symmetric fundamental security is that the computational energy to this security strategy is little. The keys for this are unmistakable or there exists a simple change between the two keys. The specialists have likewise fixated on unequal fundamental security which truly is where in reality the keys are distinctive for the strategy for security and the decryption. They are otherwise called individuals fundamental encryption. Open fundamental techniques are vital since they can be used for transmitting security keys or other data solidly quite the both the general population do not have any opportunity to concur with a mystery enter in private. Improper calculations are for the most part steady and it is unrealistic to use them to scramble a lot of information. The keys utilized as a part of open key security calculations are for the most part significantly longer that expands the security of the data being transmitted. Practical application of the work The authors Acharya, Sajwan and Bhargava (2014), has discussed about Quantum cryptography in one of the sections of this paper, which is an innovation by which two gatherings can secured framework correspondences by applying the wonders of quantum material science. Thus, that report has a functional program in the realm of electronic correspondence while the security of transmissions depends on the sacredness of the directions of quantum mechanics. By the by, the writers likewise expressed that Quantum cryptography is just used to create and spread an indispensable, not to transmit any importance information but rather that cryptography is not quite the same as regular cryptographic frameworks. It depends more on science, instead of number juggling, as a basic part of their wellbeing model. Quantum cryptography utilizes late learning of science to build up a cryptosystem that cannot be vanquished. This implies it is completely ensured against being traded off without information of t he sender or the recipient of the messages. The master of quantum cryptography is that it disposes of the issue of key dispersion. An individual can propose a vital by sending a few photons with subjective polarizations. That routine would then be able to be appropriately used to deliver a progression of numbers (Acharya, Sajwan and Bhargava 2014). The technique is known as quantum key appropriation. In the event that the fundamental component is blocked by a spy, this truly is regularly found and it is of no result, since it is just an arrangement of discretionary segments and could be disposed. The sender would then be able to transmit still another key. After an indispensable has been firmly received, it works to a great degree well to scramble a note that could be conveyed by outdated medium like telephone, email, or common postal mail. The authors of this paper have also illustrated on the various aspects that have to be taken into consideration for selecting appropriate cryptographic scheme. Hence, this paper has a real world application in the field of data and network security for network administrators and service providers. The constraints for selection of appropriate cryptographic algorithm are illustrated as below: Time This factor comprises of determining time that is required to encrypt as well as decrypt data along with the time that is required for fulfilling the requirements before beginning an encryption. Memory This constraint relates to the memory that is required especially for small and smart gadgets such as PDA, smart card as well as RFID tags. Security This factor relates to the certain aspects like confidentially, integrity and availability is being maintained by the encryption scheme that has been selected. Nature of Data This means importance of the data or information that is being transmitted over a network. It is not that much important if it is small in size, then any encryption scheme can be chosen and applied. If the data being transmitted is of utmost importance or it is highly confidential then hybrid scheme that is symmetric + asymmetric have to be selected as the suitable cryptographic scheme. Moreover, Acharya, Sajwan and Bhargava (2014), have also presented the various essential aspects upon which the performance of cryptographic algorithms are dependent as below: Tunability It may be truly wanted to figure out how to powerfully decide the secured part and the encryption parameters with respect to different applications and necessities. Settled importance of secured part and secured parameters limits the ease of use of the framework to a restricted gathering of uses. Computational Speed In a few ongoing applications, it is fundamental that the encryption and unscrambling equations are rapidly enough to meet continuous necessities. Basic Period Value In the encryption systems the critical thing organization is the vital perspective that uncovers how the information is scrambled. The photo lessening the encryption extent is dependent on this vital length (Acharya, Sajwan and Bhargava 2014). The symmetric calculation utilizes a variable urgent period which is of the more extended. Consequently, the essential thing organization is a significant perspective in encryption preparing. Encryption Percentage The encryption extent is the measure of the measure of information that will be encoded. Encryption extent should be diminished to decrease the trouble on calculation. Security Issues Cryptographic wellbeing recognizes whether encryption framework is ensured against savage power and different plaintext-figure content assault. For vital media program, it is truly critical that the encryption framework must meet cryptographic security which is surveyed in three levels as negligible, medium and high. Hence, from the above discussions it can be said that the work being presented by the authors has significant importance in the practical world with the emerging trends in digital communication. Presentation of the paper The overall presentation of the paper is good and well-written article with an important message for network administrators and organizations. Overall this article is very straightforward and easily understandable by the readers as it is well structured. This paper has been properly divided into different sections with appropriate headings and subheadings so that the readers can easily determine and get an overview of contents being presented in each section. Recommendations for improvement In order to have more people be engaged and read the whole article it needs a new, more concise introduction. Once the reader gets to the really good examples that are relevant to the everyday importance of Cryptography for ensuring data and network security, a major portion of the article is already gone. Hence, it is recommended that the beginning sections should not only include overview or description of the area but discussions have to be carried out with different examples so that the readers find it easy to understand purpose of the research. Further, an experimental investigation can be carried to provide accurate results on the value of various cryptographic algorithms that have been presented in the paper. The analysis of data is also an important aspect of any research paper which has not been included in this paper, so the inclusion of data analysis will help to achieve proper evaluation of the different cryptographic algorithms. Conclusion From the above discussion being carried out the search paper that has been chosen for this study, it can be concluded that overall presentation of the paper is good and well structured. The language being used while writing this paper is very simple to understand. So that even the readers without practical knowledge of computer security can be well aware of the role being played by cryptography to ensure security of data during transmission over network. The authors have presented in this paper that in this modern world of communication, cryptography is emerging as an important technology for security of networks. The critical review have been presented on the known cryptographic algorithms in a well-structured format to illustrate on the differences among the existing techniques for encryption. The authors have also stated that a good cryptography is that which stays for longer time year after year and a good cryptographic system is that which maintains balance in between the possib le and acceptable. Hence, it has been determined from the review on this particular chosen paper that there is a requirement for more considerable effort on this type of research to ensure secured communication References Acharya, K., Sajwan, M. and Bhargava, S., 2014. Analysis of Cryptographic Algorithms for Network Security.International Journal of Computer Applications Technology and Research,3(2), pp.130-135. Anandakumar, S., 2015. Image Cryptography Using RSA Algorithm in Network Security.International Journal of Computer Science Engineering Technology,5(9). Azad, S. and Pathan, A.S.K. eds., 2014.Practical Cryptography: Algorithms and Implementations Using C++. CRC Press. Babita, E. and Kaur, E.G., 2017. A Review: Network Security Based On Cryptography Steganography Techniques.International Journal,8(4). Bhatia, P. and Sumbaly, R., 2014. Framework for wireless network security using quantum cryptography.arXiv preprint arXiv:1412.2495. Choi, Y., Lee, D., Kim, J., Jung, J., Nam, J. and Won, D., 2014. Security enhanced user authentication protocol for wireless sensor networks using elliptic curves cryptography.Sensors,14(6), pp.10081-10106. Devi, A., Sharma, A. and Rangra, A., 2015. A Review on DES, AES and Blowfish for Image Encryption Decryption.IJCSIT) International Journal of Computer Science and Information Technologies,6(3), pp.3034-3036. Devi, T.R., 2013, April. Importance of Cryptography in Network Security. InCommunication Systems and Network Technologies (CSNT), 2013 International Conference on(pp. 462-467). IEEE. Ganeshkumar, K., Arivazhagan, D. and Sundaram, S., 2014. Advance cryptography algorithm for symmetric image encryption and decryption scheme for improving data security.Journal of Academia and Industrial Research,10(2), pp.563-6. Joshi, M.R. and Karkade, R.A., 2015. Network security with cryptography. International Journal of Computer Science and Mobile Computing IJCSMCVol, 4, pp.201-204. Kapoor, V. and Yadav, R., 2016. A Hybrid Cryptography Technique for Improving Network Security.International Journal of Computer Applications (09758887) Volume. Katz, J. and Lindell, Y., 2014.Introduction to modern cryptography. CRC press. Kumar, S.N., 2015. Review on Network Security and Cryptography. International Transaction of Electrical and Computer Engineers System, 3(1), pp.1-11. Mainanwal, V., Gupta, M. and Upadhayay, S.K., 2015, March. A survey on wireless body area network: Security technology and its design methodology issue. InInnovations in Information, Embedded and Communication Systems (ICIIECS), 2015 International Conference on(pp. 1-5). IEEE. Mitali, V.K. and Sharma, A., 2014. A survey on various cryptography techniques.International Journal of Emerging Trends and Technology in Computer Science,3(4), p.6. Pachghare, V.K., 2015.Cryptography and information security. PHI Learning Pvt. Ltd.. Sagar, V. and Kumar, K., 2015, March. A symmetric key cryptography using genetic algorithm and error back propagation neural network. InComputing for Sustainable Global Development (INDIACom), 2015 2nd International Conference on(pp. 1386-1391). IEEE. Sasi, S.B. and Sivanandam, N., 2015. A survey on cryptography using optimization algorithms in WSNs.Indian Journal of Science and Technology,8(3), pp.216-221. Sklavos, N., 2014. Book Review: Stallings, W. Cryptography and Network Security: Principles and Practice: Upper Saddle River, NJ: Prentice Hall, 2013, 752p., $142.40. ISBN: 13: 978-0133354690. Wasnik, T.P., Patil, V.S., Patinge, S.A., Dave, S.R. and Sayasikamal, G.J., 2013. Cryptography as an instrument to network security?.International Journal of Application or Innovation in Engineering Management (IJAIEM),2(3), pp.72-80.

Khalifah Essay Example

Khalifah Essay Answer Horizontal row of elements in the Periodic Table of Elements Atoms have 3 shells occupied with electron 1. Correct formulae of reactants and products 2. Balanced equation Cl2 + H2O HCl + HOCl Sodium Chlorine Red litmus paper blue Blue litmus paper red http://cikguadura. wordpress. com Mark 1 1 1 1 (ii) 2 4541/2  © Trial2011 Hak Cipta Sekolah Berasrama Penuh SULIT SULIT 3 Answer 1. Atomic size decrease 1. Proton number / number of proton / nuclei charge increase 2 Nuclei attraction on valence electron is stronger TOTAL 4541/2 Mark 1 No. (d)(i) (ii) 2 9 No. (a) Oxidation Answer Mark 1 1 1 1 1 1 (b)(i) To allow the movement / flow of ions (ii) (c) (d) Potassium nitrate solution [ any suitable substance] From copper electrode to silver electrode Intensity of blue colour solution increase Because the concentration /number of Cu2+ increase Cu (e) (f)(i) (ii) Cu2+ + 2e Formula of reactant and product Balanced Increase The distance between zinc and silver is further than copper and silver in electrochemical series TOTAL 1 1 1 1 10 4541/2 http://cikguadura. wordpress. com  © Trial2011 Hak Cipta Sekolah Berasrama Penuh SULIT SULIT 4 4541/2 No. 4. (a) (b) Answer A chemical formula that shows the simplest ratio of atom of element in a compound. Number of mole = Mass Relative atomic mass Mark 1 1 (c)(i) (ii) (d) (e)(i) (ii) (iii) (iv) Num. of mole of copper = 2. 56 / 0. 04 64 Num. of mole of oxygen = 0. 64 / 0. 04 16 CuO Magnesium and hydrochloric acid / Zinc and sulphuric acid CuO + H2 ? Cu + H2O Black powder change to brown Water 2 1 1 2 1 1 TOTAL 10 No. 5(a)(i) (ii) Answer Temperature Num. of mole = 0. 24 mol / 0. 01 mol 24 Volume of H2 = 0. 01 x 24 dm3 / 0. 24 dm3 / 240 cm3 Mark 1 2 (b) Average rate of reaction in experiment I = 240 cm3s-1 / 4. 8 cm3s-1 50 Average rate of reaction in experiment II = 240 cm3s-1 / 12 cm3s-1 20 2 1 (c)(i) Rate of reaction of experiment II is higher than experiment I 4541/2 http://cikguadura. wordpress. com  © Trial2011 Hak Cipta Sekolah Berasrama Penuh SULIT SULIT 5 4541/2 No. Answer Mark (c)(ii) -The temperature of reaction for experiment II is higher that experiment I. -The kinetic energy of the particles of reactants for experiment II is higher than experiment I. -The frequency of effective collisions increases. (d) 3 2 We will write a custom essay sample on Khalifah specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on Khalifah specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on Khalifah specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer TOTAL 11 No. 6(a) (b)(i) (ii) (iii) Answer To reduce the heat loss to the surroundings A shinny grey solid is formed / A colourless solution turns blue. Silver metal is formed / Copper(II) ions formed. Copper Oxidation number increase from 0 to +2 Mark 1 1 1 2 4541/2 http://cikguadura. wordpress. com  © Trial2011 Hak Cipta Sekolah Berasrama Penuh SULIT SULIT 6 4541/2 No. (c)(i) Answer Num. of mole = 0. 5 x 100 / 0. 05 mol. 1000 Heat energy released = 0. 05 x 105 kJ / 5. 25 kJ / 5250 J Mark 2 1 (ii) ? = 5250 / 12. 5 oC 100 x 4. 2 (d) 1. Axis with label energy and two level, 2. Correct position of reactants and products, 3. ?H = -105 kJmol-1 1 1 1 TOTAL 11 3 No. 7 a (i) Answer Mark C p=6 n=8 1 [Draw and label] [Able to describe the atom Carbon-14] Has nucleus at the centre of the atom nucleus contains 6 proton and 8 neutron has 2 shell occupied electron 4 valence electrons 1 1 1 1 Max 4 4541/2 http://cikguadura. wordpress. com  © Trial2011 Hak Cipta Sekolah Berasrama Penuh SULIT SULIT 7 4541/2 No. (ii) Answer Carbon-12// Carbon-13 6 // 7 12 C 6 // 13 C 6 Mark 1 1 1 . 3 1 1 1 . 3 (b)(i) P Boiling point P higher than melting point naphthalene Naphthalene is flammable ii) (c ) At time t1 – t2 Naphthalene is in liquid state The molecules are closely pack The molecules not in orderly arrangement The kinetic energy decrease At time t2 – t3 In liquid and solid state The molecules are closely pack Some molecules are in orderly arrangement but some are not in orderly arrangement. The kinetic energy is constant At time t3 – t4 In solid state Th e molecules are closely pack The molecules are in orderly arrangement Mark 1 + 1+ 1 1 1 + 1+ 1 The kinetic energy 1 + 1+ 1 decrease TOTAL 20 4541/2 http://cikguadura. wordpress. com Trial2011 Hak Cipta Sekolah Berasrama Penuh SULIT SULIT 8 Sub Mark 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 4541/2 Mark No 8(a)(i) Answer Solvent X : Water / H2O Solvent Y : Propanone / Methyl benzene / [ any organic solvent] 2 (ii) 1. Hydrochloric in solvent X / water reacts with copper(II) oxide 2. Hydrochloric in solvent Y / propanone does not reacts with copper(II) oxide 3. Acid only shows its acidic properties when dissolve in water 4. In the present of water, hydrochloric acid ionize to form H+ ion 5. The H+ ion causes the hydrochloric acid reacts with copper(II) oxide // 6. H+ + CuO Cu2+ + H2O 7. Produce copper(II) chloride / Cu2+ ion 8. In propanone, hydrochloric acid exist as molecule // In propanone, H+ ion is not present 1. Neutralisation 2. Correct formulae of reactant and product 3. Balanced equation CuO + 2HCl CuCl2 + H2O 4. Number of mole of HCl = // 0. 05 8 (iii) 1 1 1 1 1 1 6 5. Number of mole of CuO = // 0. 025 mol 6. Mass of CuO = 0. 025 X (64 + 16) g // 2. 5 g (b) 1. Sodium hydroxide is a strong alkali // Sodium hydroxide ionises completely in water 2. Ammonia is a weak alkali // ammonia ionises partially in water 3. The concentration of hydroxide ions in sodium hydroxide is higher than in ammonia solution. 4. When the concentration of hydroxide ion is higher, the pH value is higher TOTAL 1 1 1 1 20 SULIT 4 4541/2 http://cikguadura. wordpress. com  © Trial2011 Hak Cipta Sekolah Berasrama Penuh SULIT No 9 (a) Answer General formula : CnH2n 9 4541/2 Mark n= 2,3†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦ 1 1 Functional group : Double bond between carbon atoms/ C=C Structural formula : [But-1-ene // But-2-ene] Example : 1 3 (b) C4H8 + H2O C4H9OH 1 1 Max 1 2 1 3 (c) 1. Y is unsaturated hydrocarbon 2. Y react with bromine 3. Butane is saturated hydrocarbon 4. Butane does not react with bromine Sample answer List of material : Butanol, [etanoic acid ], concentrated sulphuric acid Procedure : 1. Pour[2- 5 ]cm3 butanol into a boiling tube 2. Add [2- 5 ] cm3 of ethanoic acid . 3. Add 3 drops of concentrated sulphuric acid . 4. Heat the mixture carefully over a small flame 5. Boil the mixture slowly about 2 to 3 minutes. 6. Pour the content of the boiling tube into the beaker containing water 7. Smell the contents of the beaker. 8. Observation : Fruity smell substance produced 910 Chemical equation : C4H9OH + CH3COOH Correct formulae of reactants Correct ormulae of products 11. Name : Buthyl ethanoate CH3COOC4H9 + H2O 1 1 1 Max 10 Condition: Temperature : 300oC Pressure: 60 atm Catalyst: Concentrated Phosphoric acid 1 1 1 1 4 (d) 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 TOTAL 20 4541/2 http://cikguadura. wordpress. com  © Trial2011 Hak Cipta Sekolah Berasrama Penuh SULIT SULIT 10 4541/2 No 10(a) Answer Acidic gases released in industries dissolved in rain water / water vapour to form electrolyte which increases the rate of rusting Sub Mark 1 1 1 1 Mark 2 (b) 1. Reaction I is not a redox reaction 2. No change in oxidation number for all elements before and after the reaction. / HCl + NaOH ? H2O + NaCl Oxidation No. +1-1 +1-2 +1 +1 -2 +1 -1 3. Reaction II is a redox reaction 4. Oxidation numbers of magnesium increases (from 0 to +2) and copper decreases (from + 1 to 0) // Mg (s) + Oxidation No. 0 (c) Step I Chemicals used Any suitable oxidising agent / e. g : Copper(II) sulphate solution II Any suitable reducing agent / e. g : zinc powder Observation Correct corresponding observation / Blue solution of Copper(II) sulphate solution becomes paler or colourless. Correct corresponding observation / zinc powder dissolves // brown colour of iron(III) ions becomes pale green. 1 4 CuSO4 (aq) ? MgSO4 + Cu +2 +2 0 1+1 1+1 4 4541/2 http://cikguadura. wordpress. com  © Trial2011 Hak Cipta Sekolah Berasrama Penuh SULIT SULIT 11 4541/2 (d) Sample answer ? Labeled diagram : 1. Functional apparatus 2. Label (consists of one reducing agent and one oxidizing agent in solution form separated by a salt bridge) Sample answer ? Procedure : 3. Filled the â€Å"U-tube† with dilute H2SO4 until 5 cm from the mouth of each arm 4. Add potassium iodide solution carefully to one arm and bromine water to another arm until 3 cm height 5. Immersed the carbon electrodes to each arm and connect to the galvanometer using connecting wire. 6. Record the observation. ?Half-equations involved : 7. Electrode in KI / Anode : 2 I ? I2 + 2e 8. Electrode in Br2 / Cathode : Br2 + 2e ? 2 Br ? Observation : 9. Electrode in KI / Anode : colourless solution of KI becomes brown 10. Electrode in Br2 / Cathode : Brown colour of bromine becomes colourless. TOTAL 20 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 10 END OF MARKING SCHEME 4541/2 http://cikguadura. wordpress. com  © Trial2011 Hak Cipta Sekolah Berasrama Penuh SULIT 1 SULIT MARKING SCHEME 4541/3 CHEMISTRY Paper 3 Question Rubric Able to state all observations correctly. Sample answer: Experiment I II 1(a) Able to state one observation correctly Able to state an idea of observation. Sample answer: Experiment I : air bubbles Experiment II : Size decreases No response or wrong response Question Rubric Able to state the inference correctly based on observation. Sample answer: Copper (II) ion / Cu2+ produced // Copper ionises // Copper released electron // Copper is oxidised. Able to state the inference incorrectly 1(b) Sample answer: Atom changed to ion. Able to state an idea of inference Sample answer: Copper changed // ion discharged No response or wrong response 2 Observation at anode Bubbles of gas released//effervescence occurs Copper / anode becomes thinner/ dissolved/ smaller. 3 Score 4541/3 1 0 Score 3 2 1 0 4541/3  © 2011 Hak cipta Sekolah Berasrama Penuh Trial SPM 2011 http://cikguadura. wordpress. com 2 SULIT Question Rubric Able to give the hypothesis accurately Sample answer: When copper electrodes are used instead of carbon electrodes, the types of products formed at the electrodes are different// Different electrode/anode produces different products. Able to give the hypothesis almost accurately Sample answer: Different products produce when different electrode/anode is used. Able to state an idea of hypothesis Sample answer: Different cells give different products// Electrode change/ affect/ influence product No response or wrong response Question Rubric Able to state the three variables correctly Sample answer: Manipulated variable : Type of electrode/anode // opper and carbon Responding variable : Product at the anode // Product of electrolysis Constant variable : Copper(II) sulphate//CuSO4// Electrolyte// Concentration of electrolyte r: Volume Able to state any two variables correctly Able to state any one variable correctly No response or wrong response Rubric Able to predict the product correctly Sample answer: Chlorine gas/ Cl2 Able to predict the product less accurately Sample answer: Halogen gas Able to state an idea of product. Sample answer: Greenish-yellow gas // Bubbles of gas// oxygen No response given / wrong respo nse 4541/3 Score 3 1(c) 2 1 0 Score 3 1(d) 2 1 0 Score 3 Question 1(e) 2 1 0 4541/3  © 2011 Hak cipta Sekolah Berasrama Penuh Trial SPM 2011 http://cikguadura. wordpress. com 3 SULIT Question Rubric Able to measure all the height of precipitate accurately with one decimal places. Answer: 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 0. 5 0. 9 1. 3 1. 6 2. 0 2. 0 2. 0 [0. 4[0. 8- [1. 2- [1. 5- [1. 9- [1. 9- [1. 90. 6] 1. 0] 1. 4] 1. 7] 2. 1] 2. 1] 2. 1] Able to write any 5 readings accurately // All readings correctly but without decimal places. Able to write any 3 readings correctly. No response given / wrong response Test tube Height of precipitate 4541/3 Score 2(a) 3 2 1 0 Question Able to draw the graph correctly i. i. iii. iv. Rubric Axis x : volume of barium chloride / cm3 and axis y : height of precipitate/ cm Consistent scale and the graph half of graph paper All the points are transferred correctly Correct curve Score 3 2(b) Able to draw the graph incorrectly 2 Axis x : volume of barium chloride and axis y : height of precipitate // Inverse axes ii. Consistent scale iii. About 5 points are transferred correctly iv. Correct curve Able to state an idea to draw the graph 1 i. Draw the axis x and axis y ii. Inccorrect curve. No response or wrong response i. 0 4541/3  © 2011 Hak cipta Sekolah Berasrama Penuh Trial SPM 2011 http://cikguadura. ordpress. com 4 SULIT Question Rubric Able to state the volume and calculate the number of mol correctly Answer: 1. 5 cm3 2. No. of mole = 0. 5 x 5 // 0. 0025 mol 1000 Able to state the volume correctly or calculate the number of mol correctly Sample answer: 5 cm3 // 0. 5 x 5 // 0. 0025 mol 1000 Able to state an idea to calculate Sample answer: 5// 0. 5 x 5 No response or wrong response 2 4541/3 Score 3 2(c) 1 0 Question Rubric Able to write the ionic equation correctly. Sample answer: Ba2+ + CrO42- ? BaCrO4 Able to write the ionic equation incorrectly. Sample answer: Ba2+ + CrO42- // BaCrO4 // Ba+ + CrO4- ? BaCrO4 Able to state an idea of writing equation. Sample answer: BaCl2 + K2CrO4 ? BaCrO4 + 2KCl No response or wrong response Score 3 2(d) 2 1 0 4541/3  © 2011 Hak cipta Sekolah Berasrama Penuh Trial SPM 2011 http://cikguadura. wordpress. com 5 SULIT Question Rubric Able to give the meaning of the precipitation reaction correctly. Sample answer: Yellow precipitate is formed when barium chloride solution reacts with potassium chromate (VI) solution. Able to give the meaning of the rate of reaction less accurately. Sample answer: Yellow precipitate is formed Able to give an idea of the rate of reaction. Sample answer: Double decomposition reaction No response given / wrong response 4541/3 Score 3 2(e) 2 1 0 Question Rubric Able to classify all the salts correctly Sample answer: Soluble salts Sodium carbonate, Na2CO3 Magnesium nitrate,Mg(NO3)2 Insoluble salts Lead(II)sulphate, PbSO4 Silver chloride, AgCl Score 3 2(f) Able to classify any three salts correctly Able to classify any two salts correctly or give opposite answers Sample answer: Insoluble salts Sodium carbonate, Na2CO3 Magnesium nitrate,Mg(NO3)2 Soluble salts Lead(II)sulphate, PbSO4 Silver chloride, AgCl 1 2 No response given / wrong response 4541/3  © 2011 Hak cipta Sekolah Berasrama Penuh Trial SPM 2011 http://cikguadura. wordpress. com 6 SULIT Question Rubric Able to give the aim of the experiment correctly. Sample answer : To compare the heat of combustion of different alcohols/(methanol, ethanol, propan-1-ol) Able to give a relevant idea with the problem statement or aim of the experiment. 3 (a) Sample answer : To de termine heat release when alcohols is burn// Does alcohol with a higher number of carbon atoms per molecule have a higher heat of combustion? // Does combustion release different quantity of heat? No response or wrong response 1 Score 4541/3 2 0 Question Rubric Able to state all variables correctly. Sample answer : Manipulated variable :Different type of alcohols// type of alcohols//methanol, ethanol, propan-1-ol Responding variable :Heat of combustion Score 3(b) Controlled variable :Volume of water// copper can// thermometer Able to state any two variables above correctly. Able to state any one variable above correctly. No response or wrong response 3 2 1 0 4541/3  © 2011 Hak cipta Sekolah Berasrama Penuh Trial SPM 2011 http://cikguadura. wordpress. com 7 SULIT Question Rubric Able to give the hypothesis of the experiment accurately. Sample answer : The higher the number of carbon atoms in the alcohol molecules, the higher the heat of combustion Able to give the hypothesis of the experiment correctly. Sample answer : The heat of combustion increases when the number of carbon per molecule of alcohol increases// Different types of alcohols have different heat of combustion// The larger the size of alcohols molecule, the higher the heat of combustion//when the molar mass of alcohol increases the heat of combustion increases. Able to give a relevant idea with the hypothesis of the experiment . Sample answer : Size/molar mass of alcohol molecule affect the heat of combustion. Number of carbon atom in alcohol affect the heat released in combustion// Alcohols have different heat of combustion. No response or wrong response 1 Score 4541/3 3 2 3(c) 0 Score Question Rubric Able to give the list of the materials and apparatus correctly and completely sample answer: Material: methanol, ethanol, propan-1-ol, water Apparatus :Copper can, tripod stand, thermometer, measuring cylinder, spirit lamp, weighing balance, wooden block, wind shield. Able to list out all he materials and the apparatus correctly but not completely Sample answer : methanol, ethanol, propan-1-ol, water Copper can, thermometer, spirit lamp, weighing balance. Able to give an idea about the list of the materials and the apparatus. Sample answer : Thermometer and any one substance No response or wrong response 3 3( d) 2 1 0 4541/3  © 2011 Hak cipta Sekolah Berasrama Penuh Trial SPM 2011 http://cikguadura. wordpress. com 8 SULIT Question Rubric Able to state all procedures correctly Sample answer : 1. 100 – 250] cm3 of water is measured and pour into a copper can. 2. The initial temperature of water is recorded. 3. The copper can is placed on a tripod stand. 4. A spirit lamp is filled with methanol and the initial mass is weighted and recorded. 5. The spirit lamp is put under the copper can and the wick of the lamp is lighted immediately. 6. The water is stirred with the thermometer until the temperature rises about 30oC. 7. The flame is put off and the highest temperature is recorded. 8. The spirit lamp and its content is weighed immediately and the final mass is recorded 9. Steps 1 to 8 are repeated using ethanol and propan-1-ol to replace methanol Able to list down steps 1,2, 4,5,7,8 and 9 2 Able to list down steps 2, 5 and 7 1 No response or wrong response 0 Score 4541/3 3(e) 3 Question 3(f) Rubric Able to tabulate the data with the following aspects: (i) Correct titles (ii) Correct unit (iii) Complete list of alcohols Types of alcohols Methanol Ethanol Propan-1ol Initial temperature/oC Highest temperature/oC Initial mass of spirit lamp/g Final mass of spirit lamp/g Score 3 4541/3  © 2011 Hak cipta Sekolah Berasrama Penuh Trial SPM 2011 http://cikguadura. ordpress. com 9 SULIT 4541/3 Able to tabulate the data with the following aspects: (i) Correct titles (ii) Complete list of alcohols Sample answer: Types of Initial alcohols temperature Methanol Ethanol Propan-1-ol Highest temperature Initial mass of spirit lamp Final mass of spirit lamp 2 Able to exhibit the tabulation of data less accurately Sample answer: Types of Initial alcohols temperature Me thanol 1 Ethanol Highest temperature No response or wrong response . 0 END OF MARKING SCHEME 4541/3  © 2011 Hak cipta Sekolah Berasrama Penuh Trial SPM 2011 http://cikguadura. wordpress. com

Ge Matrix free essay sample

Gg General Electric screen matrix (the General Electric (GE) business screen) The GE screen matrix is essentially a derivation of the Boston Consulting Group’s Boston growth matrix. It was developed by McKinsey and Co. for General Electric as it had been recognized that the Boston Consulting Group matrix was not flexible enough to take broader issues into account. The GE matrix cross-references market attractiveness and business position using three criteria for each – high, medium and low. The market attractiveness considers variables relating to the market itself, including the rate of market growth, market size, potential barriers to entering the market, the number and size of competitors, the actual profit margins currently enjoyed, and the technological implications of involvement in the market. The business position criteria look at the business’s strengths and weaknesses in a variety of fields. These include its position in relation to its competitors, and the business’s ability to handle product research, development and ultimate production. We will write a custom essay sample on Ge Matrix or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page It also considers how well placed the management is to deploy these resources. The matrix differs in its complexity compared with the Boston Consulting Group matrix. Superimposed on the basic diagram are a number of circles. These circles are of variable size (see Figure 22). The size of each represents the size of each market. Within each circle is a clearly defined segment which represents the business’s market share within that market. The larger the circle, the larger the market, and the larger the segment, the larger the market share. General environment The term ‘general environment’ refers to the broad macro-environment in which a business operates. Broadly speaking, it can be identified as having four key elements, as outlined in Table 10. 98 Key Concepts in Strategic Management Business position High Invest heavily for growth High Medium Invest selectively and build Low Develop for income Market attractiveness Medium Invest selectively and build Develop selectively for income Harvest or divest Figure 22 Low Develop selectively and build on strengths Harvest Divest The General Electric (GE) matrix Table 10 Elements of the general environment Political/legal Potential/actual changes in regulations/legislation Foreign trade regulations Environmental protection Changes in government (local/regional/national) Technological New development inside and outside the industry New product development Technological projects in the industry Industry (and government) spending on research and development G Economic GNP growth Finance/market trends Inflation Interest rates Money upply Employment/unemployment Energy issues Socio-cultural Population trends Age distribution Regional movement of population Demographics of the family Lifestyle Consumerism Geographical structure 99 The most rapid of these trends in the general environment are technological and political/legal. The slowest moving are the economic and the socio-cultural. Geographical structure The organizational structure of a major business could be based purely on geographical regions . This could reflect the following possibilities: †¢ †¢ †¢ that the market is sufficiently remote to warrant a replication of the organizational structure in its geographical region; that the factors of production are sufficiently attractive to set up a geographically-based structure; that the market requires specific support that can only be delivered in the geographical region and not from the remote central headquarters of the organization. Global area structure A global area structure configures the organization along the main areas (geographically) in which it operates. Typically, the globe would be split up into a series of general areas such that the business can assume that all functions can be carried out by a centralized headquarters within each region. The configuration may take the form depicted in Figure 23. Corporate HQ (in home country and serving home country Northern Europe Southern Europe and Near East Pacific region G Figure 23 A global area structure Global learning Global learning is a process by which a multinational organization ensures that skills and knowledge flow freely between the different parts of the business across the world, regardless of national boundaries. Global learning can take the following routes: 100 Key Concepts in Strategic Management †¢ †¢ †¢ from the home country to an overseas division or subsidiary; from an overseas division or subsidiary to another overseas division or subsidiary; from an overseas division or subsidiary to the home country. Global matrix structure A global matrix structure is essentially a horizontal differentiation along product divisions and geographical divisions. In other words, to visualize the organization structure, product groups are placed on a vertical axis and the foreign divisions are placed on a horizontal axis. It allows businesses to reduce costs by increasing efficiency, and to differentiate their activities with innovation and responsiveness. The feature of the global matrix structure is that there is dual decisionmaking responsibility, as there is both a divisional and an area hierarchy. The system is not without its problems, as many organizations consider this form of structure to be rather clumsy and bureaucratic. There is also the question of slow decision making and a lack of flexibility. Several international businesses have sought to overcome the problems by basing their organizational structure on wide networks with a shared culture and vision, and stressing that the informal structures are more important than the formal structure itself. These forms of organizational structure are known as flexible matrix structures. Egelhoff, W. G. , ‘Strategy and Structure in Multinational Corporations: a Revision of the Stopford and Wells Model’, Strategic Management Journal, vol. 9 (1988), pp. 1–14. Global product group structure A global product group structure is a variant organizational structure which has product groups along a vertical axis and foreign (overseas) divisions, or business units, on a horizontal axis. The primary purpose of the product group structure is: G †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ to to to to to educe costs through increased efficiency; differentiate the organization’s areas of activity; utilize any innovations or technologies; improve customer service; increase the speed of responses. Typically, the structure would appear in the format shown in Figure 24. Global strategic alliances A global strategic alliance is usually formed by two or more organiza- Global strategic planning 101 Corporate HQ Product division A Product division B International div ision Japan India Brazil Figure 24 A global product group structure ions from different countries. Typically, this involves the allocation of resources from these businesses based in different countries, to a new project or venture which they seek to undertake, using cooperative methods and the pooling of expertise and experience. The purpose of global strategic alliances is to: †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ create synergy; accomplish more than could be achieved had the businesses been operating independently; coordinate effort; gain and share technologies; gain entry into an overseas market. Major multinational businesses routinely enter into global strategic alliances as an integral part of their corporate strategy and the practice has become widespread in recent years. See also green-field investment. G Global strategic planning Global strategic planning aims to maximize global economies of scale and economies of scope, while at the same time incorporating the advantages of local responsiveness to customers in the countries in which the organization operates. 102 Key Concepts in Strategic Management There are three main steps towards achieving global strategic planning: †¢ †¢ The development of a core business strategy – which forms the basis of attempts to create a sustainable competitive advantage (a replica of what has been achieved in the home market). The internationalization of this core strategy – the adaptation of the core strategy to overseas markets, along with expansion as necessary. The globalization of the international core strateg y – which seeks to integrate the strategy in all of the countries in which the business operates. Yip, G. S. , Total Global Strategy: Managing for Worldwide Competitive Advantage. Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice-Hall, 2002. Global strategy A global strategy is often adopted by an international business in order to increase its profitability by taking advantage not only of cost reductions that come from experience curve effects, but also of economies based on the location of parts of its operations. Typically a global strategy will consider the best alternative areas in which to concentrate research and development, marketing or production, choosing the most beneficial location for each of these key operations. In essence a global strategy can be called a multi-domestic strategy, in as much as the international business seeks to maximize its worldwide performance through maximizing any local competitive advantages, revenues or profits it can achieve. Equally, global strategies seek to maximize performance through integration and a sharing of resources. Stonehouse, George, Hamill, Jim, Campbell, David and Purdie, Tony, Global and Transnational Business: Strategy and Management. New York: John Wiley, 2004. G Global web

The Role of Bushido in Modern Japan

The Role of Bushido in Modern Japan Bushido, or the way of the warrior, is commonly defined as the moral and behavioral code of the samurai. It is often considered a foundation stone of Japanese culture, both by Japanese people and by outside observers of the country. What are the components of bushido, when did they develop, and how are they applied in modern Japan? Controversial Origins of the Concept It is difficult to say exactly when bushido developed. Certainly, many of the basic ideas within bushido- loyalty to ones family and ones feudal lord (daimyo), personal honor, bravery and skill in battle, and courage in the face of death- have likely been important to samurai warriors for centuries. Amusingly, scholars of ancient and medieval Japan often dismiss bushido and call it a modern innovation from the Meiji and Showa eras. Meanwhile, scholars who study Meiji and Showa Japan direct readers to study ancient and medieval history to learn more about the origins of bushido. Both camps in this argument are right, in a way. The word bushido and others like it did not arise until after the Meiji Restoration- that ​is, after the samurai class was abolished. It is useless to look at ancient or medieval texts for any mention of bushido. On the other hand, as mentioned above, many of the concepts included in bushido were present in Tokugawa society. Basic values such as bravery and skill in battle are important to all warriors in all societies at all times, so presumably, even early samurai from the Kamakura period would have named those attributes as important. The Changing Modern Faces of Bushido In the lead-up to World War II, and throughout the war, the Japanese government pushed an ideology called imperial bushido on the citizens of Japan. It emphasized Japanese military spirit, honor, self-sacrifice, and unwavering, unquestioning loyalty to the nation and to the emperor.   When Japan suffered its crushing defeat in that war, and the people did not rise up as demanded by imperial bushido and fight to the last person in defense of their emperor, the concept of bushido seemed to be finished. In the post-war era, only a few die-hard nationalists used the term. Most Japanese were embarrassed by its connections with the cruelty, death, and excesses of World War II. It seemed like the way of the samurai had ended forever. However, beginning in the late 1970s, Japans economy began to boom. As the country grew into one of the major world economic powers in the 1980s, people within Japan and outside of it once again began to use the word bushido. At that time, it came to mean extreme hard work, loyalty to the company that one worked for, and devotion to quality and precision as a sign of personal honor. News organizations even reported on a sort of company-man seppuku, called karoshi, in which people literally worked themselves to death for their companies.   CEOs in the west and in other Asian countries started to urge their employees to read books touting corporate bushido, in an attempt to replicate Japans success. Samurai stories as applied to business, along with Sun Tzus  Art of War  from China, became best-sellers in the self-help category. When the Japanese economy slowed into stagflation in the 1990s, the meaning of bushido in the corporate world shifted once again. It began to signify the peoples brave and stoic response to the economic downturn. Outside of Japan, the corporate fascination with bushido quickly faded. Bushido in Sports Although corporate bushido is out of fashion, the term still crops up regularly in connection with sports in Japan.  Japanese baseball coaches refer to their players as samurai, and the international soccer (football) team is called Samurai Blue. In press conferences, the coaches and players regularly invoke bushido, which is now defined as hard work, fair play, and a fighting spirit. Perhaps nowhere is bushido more regularly mentioned than in the world of martial arts. Practitioners of judo, kendo, and other Japanese martial arts study what they consider to be the ancient principles of bushido as part of their practice (the antiquity of those ideals is debatable, of course, as mentioned above). Foreign martial artists who travel to Japan to study their sport usually are particularly devoted to an ahistorical, but very appealing, version of bushido as a traditional cultural value of Japan. Bushido and the Military The most controversial usage of the word bushido today is in realm of the Japanese military, and in political discussions around the military. Many Japanese citizens are pacifists, and deplore the use of rhetoric that once led their country into a catastrophic global war. However, as troops from Japans Self-Defense Forces increasingly deploy overseas, and conservative politicians call for increasing military power, the term bushido crops up more and more often. Given the history of the last century, military uses of this very militaristic terminology can only inflame relations with neighboring countries including South Korea, China, and the Philippines.   Sources Benesch, Oleg. Inventing the Way of the Samurai: Nationalism, Internationalism, and Bushido in Modern Japan, Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2014.Marro, Nicolas. The Construction of a Modern Japanese Identity: A Comparison of Bushido and The Book of Tea,  The Monitor: Journal of International Studies, Vol. 17, Issue1 (Winter 2011).The Modern Re-invention of Bushido, Columbia University website, accessed August 30, 2015.

Midsummer Night's Dream by William Shakespeare Essay

Midsummer Night's Dream by William Shakespeare - Essay Example These plays also have personal education, renewal, and growth; hence one can learn ballot from them. The theme of faithfulness, love and appearance in conjunction with the reality cuts across the three plays. Different elements of these plays In Midsummer night dream, the subject matter is more inclined to acts of cruelty and betrayal. For instance, Lysander falls in love with another person and betrays Hermania; this brings about a fight as everyone is struggling to prove who is in real love. Seduction and persuading one to do what he or she is not intended to do is seen widely in this play, and so is competition. This is unnatural thus representing the dark side of passion. Satyr is usually seen as a form of characterization, in the sense that, they were seen as people who indulged in excessive drinking, immorality and broke traditional rules and taboos. In relating satyr to Midsummer night dream, one may realize that satyr may be classified as a comedy and a tragedy play whereas Midsummer night dream is only a comedy (Shakespeare 1590). The chorus is seen as the amusing effect of the satyr play as it illustrates the relation for the wanton, insolent, saucy and cowardly origin of satyrs. In a certain satiric drama, the costumes and attires were goats’ horns on the head, and they looked like half goats and half men, seen as goat deities of Doric type. Pastoral play is mostly seen as a way of art, nature, and life. This is an attitude linked with a combination of values instead of clear literary conventions.